Always and among all nations the same thing has occurred.  Among people occupied with the necessary work natural to all men, of providing food for themselves and their families, by the chase (hunting animals), or as herdsmen (nomads), or by agriculture, there appeared men of their own or another nation, who forcibly seized the fruit of the workers’ toil, first robbing, then enslaving them, and exacting from them either labor or tribute.  This used to happen in old times, and still happens in Africa and Asia.  And always and everywhere the workers, occupied with their accustomed, unavoidably necessary, and unremitting task (their struggle with nature to feed themselves and rear their children) though by far more numerous and always more moral than their conquerors, submitted to them and fulfilled their demands.

They submitted because it is natural to all men (and especially to those engaged in a serious struggle with nature to support themselves and their families) to dislike strife with other men.  Feeling this aversion, they preferred to endure the consequences of the violence put upon them, rather than to give up their necessary, customary, and beloved labor.

There were, certainly, none of those contracts whereby Hugo Grotius and Rousseau explain the relations between the subdued and their subduers.  Neither was there, nor could there be, any agreement as to the best way of arranging social life, such as Herbert Spencer imagines in his Principles of Sociology.  But it happened in the most natural way, that when one set of men did violence to another set, the latter preferred to endure not merely many hardships, but often even great distress, rather than face the cares and efforts necessary to confront their oppressors – more especially as the conquerors took on themselves the duty of protecting the conquered people against internal and external disturbers of the peace.  And so the majority of men, occupied with the business necessary to all men and to all animals (that of feeding themselves and their families), not only endured the unavoidable inconveniences, hardships, and even cruelty of their oppressors without fighting, but submitted to them and accepted it as a duty to fulfill all their demands.

When speaking about the formation of primitive communities, this fact is always forgotten: that not only the most numerous and most needed, but also the most moral, members of society were always those who by their labor keep all the rest alive.  To such people it is always more natural to submit to violence, and to bear all the hardships it involves, than to give up the necessary work of supporting themselves and their families in order to fight against oppression.  It is so now, when we see the people of Burma, the Fellahs of Egypt, and the Boers surrendering to the English, and the Bedouins to the French.  And in olden times it was even more so.

Lately, in the curious and widely diffused teaching called the Science of Sociology, it has been asserted that the relations between the members of human society have been, and are, dependent on economic conditions.  But to assert this is merely to substitute for the clear and evident cause of a phenomenon one of its effects.  The cause of this or that economic condition always was (and could not but be) the oppression of some men by others.  Economic conditions are a result of violence, and cannot therefore be the cause of human relations.  Evil men – the Cains – who loved idleness and were covetous, always attacked good men – the Abels – the tillers of the soil, and by killing them or threatening to kill them, profited by their toil.  The good, gentle, and industrious people, instead of fighting their oppressors, considered it best to submit, partly because they did not wish to fight, and partly because they could not do so without interrupting their work of feeding themselves and their neighbors.  On this oppression of the good by the evil, and not on any economic conditions, all existing human societies have been, and still are, based and built.